船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响

通过录制大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)产卵场附近船舶航行时的噪声,并以此为刺激源,以大黄鱼幼鱼为实验对象,研究了船舶噪声声压级对大黄鱼幼鱼游泳、摄食行为及免疫生理指标的影响。研究发现,当噪声声压级<60 dB时,幼鱼趋避游泳行为不强烈;但随着声压级增大,开始呈现出不同强度的趋避行为,依次表现出:游泳速度加快、鱼与鱼之间及鱼与桶壁之间发生碰撞、瞬间反应无序、跳跃等行为;当声压级>200 dB时,刺激2 min后就出现了死亡个体。在120 dB和150 dB短期单次和多次刺激下,幼鱼血浆中的皮质醇、血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸这4个与应激相关的生理指标均显著上升,其中皮质醇、血糖和乳酸上升幅度尤为明显。另外,皮质醇单次刺激后即达到峰值,而多次刺激后反而较单次刺激有所下降;血糖、血红蛋白和乳酸则具有累加效益,多次刺激要高于单次刺激。在120 dB长期(30 d)刺激下,幼鱼生长明显减缓,血浆中部分免疫指标(免疫球蛋白M,干扰素-α,白介素-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α)明显降低,肠道菌群也发生显著变化,突出表现为部分益生菌如芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌等相对丰度明显降低。摄食行为影响方面,研究发现幼鱼能准确识别噪声源的位置,并具有一定的记忆性。研究结果揭示了船舶噪声对大黄鱼幼鱼的危害,可为今后制定大黄鱼产卵场的保护措施提供数据支撑。     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力，给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数，本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12~16 cm)为研究对象，测定了其在(16.6±1.6) ℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示，斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s，相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长)；临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s，相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s；爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s，相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s；最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s，最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s，与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(${\rm lg}T = - 5.136{{X}} + 8.504$)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时，建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道，进口流速设计为1.02~1.39 m/s，休息池主流设计为0.20~1.02 m/s，鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时，鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78 m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎提河流域鱼类游泳能力研究提供参考，对保护日益减少的鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae

In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death.     

Comparative functional anatomy of hindlimb muscles and bones with reference to aquatic adaptation of the sea otter

Although the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a complete aquatic species, spending its entire life in the ocean, it has been considered morphologically to be a semi-aquatic animal. This study aimed to clarify the unique hindlimb morphology and functional adaptations of E. lutris in comparison to other Mustelidae species. We compared muscle mass and bone measurements of five Mustelidae species: the sea otter, Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra), American mink (Neovison vison), Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi) and Siberian weasel (M. sibirica). In comparison with the other 4 species, E. lutris possessed significantly larger gluteus, popliteus and peroneus muscles, but smaller adductor and ischiopubic muscles. The popliteus muscle may act as a medial rotator of the crus, and the peroneus muscle may act as an abductor of the fifth toe and/or the pronator of the foot. The bundles of the gluteus superficialis muscle of E. lutris were fused with those of the tensor fasciae latae muscle and gluteofemoralis muscles, and they may play a role in femur abduction. These results suggest that E. lutris uses the abducted femur, medially rotated crus, eversion of the ankle and abducted fifth digit or extended interdigital web as a powerful propulsion generator. Therefore, we conclude that E. lutris is a complete aquatic animal, possessing differences in the proportions of the hindlimb muscles compared with those in other semi-aquatic and terrestrial mustelids.     

花样游泳集体自由自选动作中空间和三维空间运用的研究*

集体自由自选动作中空间和三维空间的运用是评判一套花样游泳自由自选编排全面性、艺术创新以及运动员整体能力利用的重要依据之一。以此为创新点，将第28届奥运会、第29届奥运会、第30届奥运会和第14届世界游泳锦标赛顶级赛事上花样游泳取得前六名的队伍为主要研究对象。釆用录像解析统计法、数理统计和逻辑分析法对前述顶级赛事所得到的数据指标进行对比分析，研究花样游泳集休自由自选项目中空间和三维空间运用情况。通过研究得出如下结论：在集体自由自选动作中占领空中优势，发挥立体效果是当前世界花样游泳集体自由自选总体编排的一个新趋势。托举技术是花样游泳占据空间领域的主要技术之一。托举次数、托举组合次数和托举总时间比例是全套动作编排的重要内容和不可忽略的因素。立体队图形也是花样游泳空间技术的主要部分。托举技术三维空间的利用是空中编排总发挥技术亮点和艺术亮点不可缺少的元素。利用好三维空间，创作出更难、更新、更高的托举动作可提升全套动作的技术水平和艺术水平。中国队应在托举次数、托举组合次数、托举时间比例上、立体队图性上改进与提高，以集体自由自选动作中空间的运用，占领空间优势。加强托举的多维，多方向的旋转，提高三维空间的运用。这些方面中国亟待解决的问题。     

MC与MG对尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈游泳行为的影响

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)和大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoide)是中国主要的淡水经济鱼类,其养殖过程中常遇到微囊藻毒素(Microcystin,MC)与孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)的危害。MC和MG通过食物链在人体中富集,给人类的健康造成了严重的威胁。研究测定了人工饲养的尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在含有MC和MG的水体中的行为反应。结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在0.2和0.5μg/L MC-LR的水体中处理60min内,其游泳行为相对于对照组无显著性差异,然而,在0.5mg/L MG的水体中处理30min后,尼罗罗非鱼胸鳍摆动频显著上升,大口黑鲈胸鳍摆动频率也在25、30、45min等3个不连续的时间点出现显著的变化。说明尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈对天然毒素MC具有较强的抵抗能力,而对人工毒素MG较为敏感;胸鳍摆动频率可作为尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈一个较为敏感的反映环境变化的行为指标。     

Interspecific differences in early life‐history traits in a species complex of stream‐resident galaxiids

Fish differentially provision resources to eggs and larvae to optimise survival during the critical early life‐history period. Resource allocation is limited by a trade‐off between egg size and fecundity, and the optimal strategy varies with habitat type. This study examines the consequences of egg size differences for the early life‐histories of four closely related galaxiid species which occur in contrasting habitat types on the South Island, New Zealand. Headwater species had substantially larger water‐hardened eggs, longer incubation times, and newly hatched larvae were on average up to 41% longer than lower catchment species. Significant interspecific differences in gape diameter, eye diameter and myomere depth were also observed. Swimming ability was positively associated with larval length at hatch. Interspecific differences in length and swimming ability were generally maintained throughout the larval period, despite larvae being reared under relatively benign conditions where many other studies suggest initial differences should disappear. These results demonstrate the consequences of differential maternal provisioning to the egg for larval traits. The larger larvae of headwater species are likely to be more resistant to starvation and have improved foraging ability compared to lower catchment species; traits which are likely to confer them survival advantages in the low productivity, food‐scarce environments they occupy. The smaller larvae of lower catchment species are likely to be a consequence of females investing in fecundity in these relatively resource‐rich streams.     

omd基因对斑马鱼骨骼矿化的影响

omd基因编码骨调蛋白,可以调控人类骨骼中钙的沉积。目前关于omd基因对鱼类骨骼钙化的作用尚不清楚,为了探究omd基因对鱼类骨骼的影响,本文调查了omd基因在斑马鱼的不同发育阶段和不同组织的表达,并利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,成功构建斑马鱼omd基因敲除型(omd_-/-^{)。结果发现}omd基因在斑马鱼体内随着发育表达量逐渐增加,在脊柱和肌肉中表达较高；相比野生型斑马鱼,omd_-/-^{品系斑马鱼的肌肉细胞未发现明显变化,脊柱的平均钙含量下调}59.81%；与野生型相比,omd_-/-^{品系斑马鱼平均游动距离下降}33.93%,平均游动速度下降39.44%,相对静止的时间增加88.26%,游动能力下降。这些结果表明 omd基因对斑马鱼脊柱的矿化起到重要作用,并在一定程度上影响了斑马鱼的活动能力。     

Preliminary telemetry data on the movement patterns and habitat use of European catfish (Silurus glanis) in a reservoir of the River Ebro, Spain

Abstract –  Knowledge of the movements and diel behaviour of the European catfish ( Silurus glanis ), the largest European freshwater fish, is limited to anecdotal information. In a preliminary telemetry study of European catfish, the spring diel movement patterns of five adult catfish were examined. After intraperitoneal insertion of the acoustic tags, the positions of the fish were recorded automatically in the Flix Reservoir (River Ebro, NE Spain). A marked nocturnal mobility pattern was observed throughout the study. During daytime, the catfish were consistently located in the littoral zone and spent extended periods of the day hidden in concealed habitats. Catfish movements were in a radial pattern, with upstream and downstream excursions followed by returns to a previously occupied location. Significant individual variations in movement pattern were observed among the tagged fish and within the 24 h cycle for each fish. Mean instantaneous swimming speed was 0.17 body lengths per second (BL·s⁻¹) at night but 0.09 BL·s⁻¹ during the daytime.     

流速对鲫鱼游泳行为和能量消耗影响的研究

通过自制的鱼类游泳试验装置,研究了流速对鲫(Carassius auratus)游泳行为和能量消耗的影响。结果表明,鲫的摆尾频率、摆尾幅度随游泳速度变化有明显的规律。随着游泳速度的增加,鲫的摆尾频率与幅度都相应地增加。流速小于3倍体长/s与大于3倍体长/s,摆尾频率差异性显著(P<0.05),而摆尾幅度差异性不明显。鲫单位时间耗氧率随着流速的增加而显著增加,并且随着速度的增加,鲫用于游泳所消耗的能量占总能量消耗逐渐趋于稳定,运动净耗氧率最大为90%。水温(16±1)℃时,体长12～20cm鲫的相对极限流速为其(3.85±1.10)倍体长/s,绝对极限流速为(0.66±0.10)m/s;相同流速的温度环境中,随着体重的增加,耗氧量呈增加趋势。在相同的流速下,水温(10±1)℃时的游泳耗氧量小于(16±1)℃,而净耗氧率较大;温度(16±1)℃时,2.5倍体长/s的游泳速度有利于鲫生长代谢的能量积累。